On the Great Disruptions, Economic and Ecological...and our collective failure to cope...
Will Nature's Shrinking Diversity and Bio-Mass be a Requiem or lead to Remedies? It Does Appear that the Owl of Minerva always take flight at dusk.
Dear Citizens and Elected Officials:
Introduction:
I write at a time of pause and reflection in the United States, we having temporarily kept our barely democratic republic alive for another stalemate-inviting congressional session, all the existing strains now pointing towards, already, the 2024 Presidential election.
For me, the pause has an even greater poignancy, coming as it does after the cresting of the wave for the Green New Deal, the related failed declaration of a Climate Emergency and the implied WWII like mobilization of national resources to slow, if not turn back, climate disruption. Policy now rests in the hands of a traditional Democratic Party power “broker,” President Biden, who has delivered symbolic gestures toward the Sanders forces he defeated in March of 2020, and the Green New Deal. They are but only a pale reflection, and much less than that if measured against that of FDR’s Second Bill of Rights from 1944, which itself has to be “greened.” And “Biden’s” Democratic Party, after the defeat of the forces of a “populist left,” is now more than ever, even more than in the “Roaring ' 90’s,” in the hands of corporations. I say that because when Congressional-White House negotiations disappeared from the public eye between the summer and fall of 2022, despite the attempted shaping by the most powerful citizen movement the democratic West has ever seen- the environmental movement - it was the corporate ticket that carried the day. Carried the day even to the tune that the large alternative energy subsidies in the bills could be claimed initially by the clean generators, then sold to any industry, to the highest bidder - I suppose even to Exxon Mobil. (See the 273 page H.R. 5376, the “Reconciliation Bill,” which contains the tax provisions - and for those homes or businesses thinking of prosaic green improvements, rooftop solar or heat pumps for example, the original guidelines are in this bill - to put you even with your contractor’s assertions.)
Even though their work has faded from the public eye, years ago, it’s hard not to think of Kevin Phillip’s polemic, “Arrogant Capital,” (1994) and the late William Greider’s 1992 book “Who Will Tell the People?” - tell the people that corporations and their lobbyists now set the terms of what is possible, not the old New Deal order, powers that have stepped between the voters and their representatives, stepping into the vacuum left by the decline of labor and never quite replaced by anything as powerful, not even that environmental movement (a movement hamstrung by the conservative sources of its money in the “non-profit” world of philanthropy - sources with a very strong “don’t rock the boat bias.” And also by the same competitive, centrifugal forces, and fragmentation that plagues the rest of the American polity.)
Well, the societal boat is more than tilting: it is listing heavily to starboard. This moment also comes after much of the country has been battered by a ferocious visit from the Artic Vortex, taxing all the utility systems which have yet to be reformed via a new grid - and new generation sources and retail distribution patterns. Yet this is only the most recent reminder of Nature’s ability to disrupt our societies, the other just as dramatic disruptions being more directly linked to global warming - the wildfires, droughts, floods and a series of five major Gulf Coast hurricanes in just a few years, all with economic bills in the 20 billion dollar plus cost range - none of them - not even the burning down of “Paradise” in California seem to have altered the political economy equation to generate the scale and scope of remedies needed.
Perhaps I should mention what else I’ve been reading, besides the “Moth Snowstorm,” keeping up with my pledge and understanding that the fate of the environment, and its ecological complexity, depends also on the working “understandings” of economics, and so I have just finished Jonathan Levy’s “Ages of American Capitalism,” (2021), all 908 pages of it, along with J. Bradford DeLong’s “Slouching Towards Utopia,” (2022), a mere 605 pages. Both works recognize the importance of combatting climate change, in a glancing sort of way, but neither has much more to say about the impact of economic thinking and the economy itself on Nature, the dramatic declines in bio-diversitiy and bio-mass that are at the center of this essay. In fact, Levy’s otherwise excellent and complex book presents the flowering of the environmental movement in the 1970’s mainly as one additional source of the costs imposed by middle and upper middle class reformers, like Ralph Nader’s work, imposed on corporate America just as its productivity and profit margins were waning. It’s illustrative of one of my main worries, that while global warming certainly has “registered” even among economists, it’s frightening to see two very intelligent and widely read authors in the field be tone deaf to the broader ecological collapse, the “Sixth Extinction,” which is happening alongside but somewhat separable from our climate troubles.
And yet, maybe it’s not so surprising, as enivronmental historian Donald Worster (the “Dean” of environmental historians?) asserts in the closing chapter of his 1993 work, “The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination.” The celebrated Adam Smith liked to take long walks in his hometown of Kirkcaldy, Scotland which is directly accross the Firth of Forth from Edinburgh. However, unlike Michael McCarthy’s long walks to another seaside estuary further south and west in England almost two centuries later, or Gilbert White’s village “Arcadian” ramblings which led to his “A Natural History of Selborne,” (1789) which Worster tells us was the archetype of the natural history essay genre to follow (in “Nature’s Economy”). Smith, the father of modern capitalism and a Saint in America, “the large homely fellow with a bad twitch and an absent-minded air,” paid almost no attention to nature Worster tells us.
Our previous eight years or so, building up to, and encompassing the Green New Deal Resolution of February, 2019, were flooded with the ominous scientific reports being compiled by both the U.N. and various other scientific bodies and conservation organizations, all documenting not only accelerating loss of species but also of numbers, populations - and in the case of insects, where bio-mass can be more readily, but not easily, documented. We got a clear “heads-up” from the great science writer Elizabeth Kolbert in 2014 with her powerful, but very understated book “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History,” the previous five great extinctions being caused by largely catastrophic events in the natural world’s history - visits from meteors and early versions of climate change - calamitous ones - before man had the dominant shaping hand.
Now I don’t want this essay to turn into another version of the NY Times’ regular columnist Thomas Edsall on U.S. politics and the sources of our discontents, where in the space of one column we meet a thesis and 20 variations and/or refutations so that the column itself, intended or not, becomes a model of a society without a working consensus - a cacophony rather than a symphony - if working democracies can ever be described in such harmonious terms. Therefore I will try to keep my working sources to a manageable number, but which nonetheless I hope will bring the drama of the moment - and our failures - to center stage with some clarity.
Before I start with my “keystone” source, “The Moth Snowstorm,” whose cover above introduces this essay, I want to share my kick-off sources, which pre-date my reading of Michael McCarthy’s powerful 2015 work which I didn’t first read until March of 2018 - almost a year exactly before the Green New Deal Resolution’s “french horn” announcement of dramatic change on the policy table.
However, on October 29, 2017, the New York Times Editorial Board published this short piece, just five paragraphs, on a coming “Insect Armagedon”: NY Times Editorial
This short piece in turn had a link to an earlier scientific summary of the work done in Germany by scientists and trained amateurs who had been monitoring insect populations for decades and which found a “more than 75 percent decline over 27 years in total flying insect biomass in protected areas.” For those who must have scientific rigor in their daily diet, here is the 21 page work, dated October 18, 2017: German Insect Studies
And then for the more humanistic side of the story, which interestingly post-dated the Times Editorial by almost a month, this full magazine article: The Insect Apocalypse is Here: What does it mean for the Rest of Life on Earth?” by Brooke Jarvis.
It means trouble, of course, even if the average citizen doesn’t want to look, isn’t concerned if the sometimes very troublesome insects biting us and chewing away at our wood foundations - go away entirely - and for good. It means trouble, though, in scientific reality, because insects form a large part - no, the dominant part of the bottom of the great food pyramid upon which nearly everything else alive depends, for food and pollination to name the most obvious interrelationships. We only have documented about 1 million species of insects, with an estimated 4-8 million yet to be “recorded” - much less - and this is as important, “understood” in their relationships to other living things above and below them (the microbes which are in the soil and which we know even less of, despite the great possibilities they hold for medicine and our own species welfare.) And for further good measure, perhaps we should be mapping their genetic codes as well, an echo of our species’ urge (and business and health ramifications) of the Human Genome Project from the late 1980’s and into the 1990’s.
And that is where the “Moth Snowstorm” enters main stage, with its starring roles for two of the least “troublesome” branches of the insect world, moths and butterflies, which, just like in Germany and elsewhere, have dramatically declined in numbers, as have British birds, since the 1960’s, at least. Evening drives in summer in Great Britain no longer leave car windshields covered with insect remains - the snow of “Moth Snowstorms” - that the author remembers from his childhood in the late 1950’s. And his life was perhaps saved, in the psychological sense, and maybe more, by his interest in the brilliance of the butterflies nearby at an incredibly disruptive time in his family, caused by his mother’s repeated mental collapses and “going aways” and his father’s prolonged absences when he was only 7, in 1954.
McCarthy pushes us in asking how much people are still keyed in by our long evolution within Nature, dependent psychologically on interactions with the natural world, and if that’s so, what the implications are for the intense urbanization that went with the Industrial Revolution, and how we will cope with the disappearance of so much of the Nature from which we emerged…with implications that can’t be avoided even by our vaunted “American Exceptionalism.” And our very related, vaunted economic system, envy of the world, helping humankind along with good European capitalists, and now Asian ones too, to levels of material comfort unmatched in human history. But that vast improvement in human material comfort has come at a very high “price” to Nature everywhere, a cost still shockingly ignored by the economic historian Levy and the “quant leaning,” Larry Summers praising J. Bradford DeLong, who describes himself as a “neoliberal…technocrat…a mainstream neoclassical economist” in the home stretches of “Slouching Towards Utopia.” Thanks to the work of Donald Worster, now 82, however, that seems but the logical extension of the worldview of one of the grand founders of "classical economics,” the one best known to Americans, our absent minded Scottish walker.
And the cost to nature was not ignored by the dissenting economist Herman Daly, who passed away on October 28, 2022, aged 84. Widely known on the ecological left, he could never crack the formidable defensive barriers that the profession throws up - by the Summers, the DeLongs, the Krugmans - even though he was a capitalist of a sort - to achieve the professional standing they have - because the costs he knew we exacted from Nature (and ultimately, from ourselves) have never been satisfactorily factored into the equations/models that the profession revolves around. To write off the economy’s full court press against Nature, the destruction of Nature if you will, as mere little instances of “market failure” doesn’t cut it any longer. Not even the rhetoric surrounding the terms “sustainable” and “ecological services” suffice - they have proven to be pretty hollow - unable to break our slide “downhill.” Daly’s troubles with the economic establishment seem to signal what the path ahead would be like for another school challenging the mainstream: Modern Monetary Theory - now thrown on the defensive by the Summers and conservative “party line” of: see - too much federal spending, workers getting too many raises. Will those advocating for a higher “standing,” more equality for Nature do much better? A lot rides on our answers. Right now, in early 2023, the answer is a resounding No.
And that’s the resounding answer given in the concluding paragraph of Elizabeth Kolbert’s fine, long summary piece on where we stand on climate change, in the November 28, 2022 print edition of the New Yorker, A Vast Experiment
And what follows is my sense of how we got here, staring at our “limits.”
Part I. How do we humans react as Nature collapses? Is Britain the sinister laboratory…the first to walk into the “minefield” of modern capitalism’s techniques…
How ironic that is, being the “homeland” of the great economic disruptions that have spread throughout the world…and the reality, and mythology of the beautiful English “landscape.”
I have chosen Michael McCarthy’s “Moth Snowstorm” as the prism to explore the situation we are in. His work is multi-faceted, personal and family history - and tragedy - as well as evocative and seemingly redeeming - giving us the full portrait of his escape hatch - the beauty Nature offers him in the way of still abundant butterflies and moths during his traumatic childhood. That escape hatch emerges exactly when his mother disappears from the family due to repeated emotional collapses and his father is away for months at a time as a radio operator on the grand liner Queen Mary. (Thus speaking, unwittingly, to “extinctions” in human professions as well disappearing natural species.) And then as McCarthy grows up he realizes that the appreciation of the Nature which helped save him as a boy from a trauma filled childhood is disappearing, not just butterflies and moths (insects) but birds and native plants as well. It’s a giant shadow cast over his whole outlook, and his profession as a reporter covering nature in the British Isles mainly- and yet also its disappearance around the world as well. I should have, but didn’t know of the destruction of the vast South Korean estuary called Saemangeum, which, though thousands of miles distant, painfully resurrects his happy ramblings to the estuary West of his home, near the Dee River.
Let me add some context to McCarthy’s near magisterial book - at once psychologically and ecologically powerful. The most immediate irony to the collapse of Nature in McCarthy’s work is that England has one of the most powerful and effective land-use systems in the world, as, since the end of World War II and the 1947 Planning Act, it has acted to preserve what we all see in Masterpiece Theatre series, archelogical digs for Roman ruins, and grand tours of English country houses/estates: that unmistakeable English countryside of farms, small villages fields and ancient churches, hedgerows, moors, Scottish Highlands…with the hints of the surrounding waters just over the horizons. The American of 2023 looking on can only shout in amazement: where are the suburbs? Well, they are contained in hard fought and litigated “growth boundaries” at the edges of urban and existing suburban areas, and they are very hard to change once set in law and regulations…much to the chagrin of one of the world’s leading financial journalists, Martin Wolf at the Financial Times, who blames this planning system for the lack of affordable housing, calling it “Stalinesque” in its heavy handedness. That’s quite an uncharacteristic outburst on the part of the phlegmatic and restrained Mr. Wolf, usually tolerant of principled dissent from outisde the economic mainstream.
And part of the British motivation in preserving the beautiful countryside from sprawl and billboards and American type strip malls was to preserve and expand English agriculture, which, among all the regulated forces, gets pretty much a free hand to grow and control its own destinies, even post 1947, and becomes, a bit unfairly, I think, the all-purpose bogeyman in McCarthy’s search for villains in doing Nature in… the modern farmer with his array of chemical weapons to grow more and destroy insect obstacles as he sees fit…guided by the vast corporate apparatus pushing the products his way, in every which way.
It’s an agriculture which has been given this leeway for two very good reasons, the hard lessons from two World Wars where German submarines would have been very happy to starve the stubborn Island into submission, and the post-World War II planners said “never again,” we’ll grow the needed backstop whatever it takes. And for some of us today, looking out upon a world now questioning the reasoning behind the most recent round of Globalization, 1971 and on….and the mystifyications of “Free Trade,” this seems to be a reasonable and maybe very sound caveat: that trade dependencies carry risks as well as benefits.
But wait, say those familiar with the history of capitalism, it was the “modernization” of British agriculture from the 16th century on, science guided through all the iterations of the infamous “Enclosure” movement, which, however cruelly for the peasants still on the land, made possible the gains in productivity which led to the population growth slowly moving beyond Malthus’ terrible paradigms, and on to the greater trade in wool and fabrics that drove the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1848…
Wait, there’s more…we are now entering the ground so magnificently covered by the Central European economist Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) in his major work “The Great Transformation” (1944), who spends chapters on this history of the Enclosure Movement(s), and the reactions of the Crown and Church of England to the disruptions caused by the cycles of trade, especially in woolens, competition with the Spanish and Dutch, disruptions of such a magnitude, which, coupled with the displacements caused by the Enclosures, led to large bands of homeless, jobless peasants roving his Majesties’ highways. And the response to these disruptions set off a debate which echoes down the centuries to us today, inside the poltical economy of our time, indeed, right to the “heart”(Sic) of Republican Right economic religion: is poor relief needed to stabilize the disruptions from trade (and later speculation ), or is it hand-outs to the undeserving, the lazy ones, in contemporary translation, from “the makers to the takers”?
Polanyi’s star has risen to such an extent that even the Neoliberal Neoclassicist J. Bradford Delong poses him as the historical fencing partner to Friedrich August von Hayek, the champion of markets elevated to the near Utopian level they achieved in the West from Thatcher and Reagan until…well, perhaps, the collapse of Prime Minister Liz Truss’s government in the fall of 2022, pushed out by the “markets” reactions to her policies, based on well…markets Uber Alles …and intellectually incoherent policy proposals on cutting, funding and taxing.
And more still: The Enclosure movement, changes in agricultural practices and land owning practices led to significant disruptions and early phases of Polanyi’s “Double Movement” - the Poor Laws, but the historical currents were driving towards the birth of both Classical Economics (Smith, Ricardo, Malthus, J.S. Mill, Bentham…and Marx) and the infamous “Satanic Mills” of the British Midlands (McCarthy’s life is not too far South of their infamy) where the cotton and wool were processed into fabric and the cascade of inventions which mark the early industrial revolution - steam power, coal power, mechanized weaving and metal industry spin-offs…all in a proto-type “SiliconValley” hothouse of practical invention and application…and the terrible private barrack like homes of the poor. It would not go unnoticed by Mr. Engels and Professor Marx, neither the power of the new capitalism based on turning land, labor and money in commodities, the first all encompassing market in world history says Polanyi…and its fruits…and human and natural degradations personified in the sooty pall encompassing the whole region, and the deplorable conditions of the workers: both on the job, many mere children - and what they went home to…further degradation.
Is it any wonder that in reaction to these great dislocations, and inventions and sometimes broken step ladders to future progress, the world got the great learned and outraged reaction of Marx in the Communist Manifesto (1848); half or more of it in awe of the new powers of capitalism - its disruptions in the now famous phrases - and half in biting anger against its 1840’s realities, in one of the great polemical documents of human history - for better or worse. And whose bifurcated reaction of awe and shock is still echoed in DeLong’s and Levy’s contemporary works: great material progress since especially 1870 (the rise of the coporate research lab says DeLong, and he wallows in awe, in myriad details of the way computer ‘wafer” chips are made…) and those left behind, pushed down the wage scale, or thrown on the international refugee seas by capital’s greater mobility (than labor)…in outcomes, what DeLong calls capitalism’s “quilt like or checkered outcomes,” (again minimizing Nature’s troubles and the urge to immigrate…) and Levy’s more profound insights/critique’s that the global, corporate market system has neither solved the problem of the American urban ghetto nor given public direction for Bernanke’s “savings glut,” even as both lament the greater and greater build up in wealth and income inequality. And, in a lesser note, their note of the build of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from its pre-industrial level of c. 275 ppm to today’s 420.
It makes me wonder what, in reality, is hiding under the quilt, and where we are going in capitalism’s direction by serendipity…is Larry Summer’s famous phrase “secular stagnation” explaining anything or merely obscuring the problems better posed by Levy’s key focus: who controls capital in its various forms, where it goes, what it invests in - or not - in - whether it invests long term for the future -or dallies, essentially uncommitted in financial speculation…and with the climate stakes and the collapsing species of Nature in the balance. So far, a capitalism largely freed from national elected government’s guidance in the West cannot produce even (the logical drift of an oligarchical system, what Yanis Varoufakis calls “techno-feudalism”) a capitalist leadership capable of formulating a program to meet our ecological challenges. And here I’m thinking of the efforts of J.P. Morgan, however undemocratic they surely were, to rationalize and direct the main currents of manufacturing, railroads and finance in the late Guilded Age.
And thus you have some of what I feel is the missing context of political economy from McCarthy’s fine work, wondering if somehow that marvelous, almost dreamlike view of the English landcape, and the world of man and nature in balance, portrayed by Donald Worster’s handling of the 18th Century pastor Gilbert White’s “A Natural History of Selborne,” which Worster’s explains as “Science in Acadia” did not for so long after mislead the people as to what was actually unfolding, the great contradictions building. And therefore setting up the basic contrasting horrors of the Satanic Mills of the Midlands to come later in the first half of the 19th century, and the determination of the English public then, in the second half of the 20th century, to save what’s left of Nature and their dream like rural landscape, via the National Planning Act, aided and abetted by those quirkier but vital British traits of tradition: nature collecting, bird and plant cataloging…and in the biting irony of those “traits of tradition” (clinging to the monarchy) in the nation most responsible for the wonderful/horrific chain of events for Man and Nature too, the further implications of which began unfolding in the 1960’s and 1970’s for Nature’s decline. And in the economy, the unravelling of the Bretton Woods agreement, and the New Deal order in the 1970’s…an unravelling so important that Levy calls his fourth and final book (within the larger book), starting in 1980, “the Age of Chaos,” and DeLong calls it the “End of the Long Twentieth Century,” both agreeing that the Great Recession of 2008 was either “the” or a “major” part of that unravelling.
However, what’s missing from DeLong, and only very indirectly implied by Levy, is Karl Polanyi’ polemical warning that by turning land, labor and money into the most crucial commodities in the new Market System, man would both destroy his broader ethical frameworks of society/religion (thereby “disembeding” the economy from society) and destroy Nature in the process as well. Thus Polanyi’s famous “Double Movement” is the reaction to these great disruptions by all parties - landed nobles, dispossessed peasants and underpaid industrial workers, and their governments, to try to counter the massive turmoil thrown up capitalism’s “Creative Destruction.”
No one, Polanyi asserts, could live with the “pure” market system that government had created at the behest of the rising economic powers, the merchants turned industrialists. Thus as soon as the system is “up and running,” 1820’s-1840’s Parliament is being pressured to investigate both working and living conditions in the new system. And the workers are demanding a say in Parliament, leading to the first great battle not at Waterloo, but the Peterloo Massacre
Polanyi thus saw the threat to Nature clearly in 1944, and not so long after, just a decade or so in fact, Michael McCarthy is living with the actual destruction of Nature - species loss and abundance, in his lifetime, accelerating through the 1960’s and on…until the summertime windshields are clear even at night.
The intellectual and emotional core of “The Moth Snowstorm” holds that mankind emerged from Nature, spending “50,000” generations as a hunter gatherer, far, far greater than in what McCarthy blends together, perhaps too easily, as our agriculture past and then the industrial urban present, arguing that both agriculture and industry saw nature as an adversary. In his own words in Chapter three, entitled “Bonds and Losses”he describes what “it means to be human”:
…the fifty thousand generations through which we evolved as hunter-gatherers are more important to our psychological make-up, even today, than the five hundred generations we have spent since agriculture began and with it, civilisation. We posses the culture of the farmers, the subduers of nature, and the citizens who came after with their settled lives and their writing and law and architecture and money. Yes, of course we do, but deep down , beneath culture in the realms of instict, at the profoundest levels of our psyche - the new vision has it - we remain the children of the Plesistocene, the million years-plus of the great glaciations, when the natural world was not subdued and we lived as an intergral part of it, in coming to be what we are. The legacy inside of us has not been lost, and in many ways it is controlling.
Of course, this leads us into rich and very unsettled speculative territory, into evolutionary biology and then evolutionary psychology, and on into the still charged debate as to whether we are nuturers as in the alleged better, gentler, Matriachal past or the brutal killers of those outside our immediate tribe, all of us with a little touch of Ghengis Khan inside.
The more refined question posed by McCarthy is this: based on those 50,000 generations immersed in the natural world, does that mean that we all have an inner, profound appreciation and link to it, unextinguishable by all the layers of later subduing nature and going urban, suburban and into the furthest realms of the Internet which came after? If so, how can we endure watching Nature’s destruction?
I thought it’s past due, and perhaps it’s long overdue on my part, to therefore explore my own childhood memories, from a time period very close to McCarthy’s, to see what I remember and maybe why I did so, and to sketch a portrait of living in a suburb between an American industrial city on the decline, like the British Midlands, and the more Arcadian and wealthy rural lands further to the north and east. “Lands” called Harbourton, Pennington, Hopewell, Lawrence and Princeton, with lots and houses and landscaping that didn’t look like my neighborhood…our collective region of northern Mercer and lower Hunterdon Counties, with the great historical Delaware River on our Western boundary.
Look for Part II, then, under the title “Memories of Nature and Society in a Mid-20th Century New Jersey Suburb.
Best to my readers…
I'd thought I'd share a comment I just made a day or so ago at the New York Times on a column calling for the re-introduction of the cougar (AKA mountain lion and a bunch of other names) to the East:
William Neil
MarylandJan. 12
I would welcome it , finding where I live in Western Maryland on the map here. Deer have been a huge problem which the "Fish and Game Divisions" of state agencies have nurtured. They have become ecologically destructive, clearing the forest understory, everything without stickers.
I doubt most Republican leaders would support this because it may symbolize for them actually acting on more equality for nature and our crashing bio-diversity and bio mass, from insects to birds to plants. When I suggested that gray wolves be returned to similar regions as mapped here at a suitable forum at Frostburg State University, the wildlife professionals were quick to point out that the gray wolfe was losing its genetic identity, breeding with wild dogs and coyotes. Well, I would settle for a close approximation but I suspect the real reason was the opposition of agricultural entrepreneurs, especially ones with herds of one type or another.
Still, I vote for returning both mountain lions and gray wolves to the areas shown. It's time to require each state to conduct a thorough "Census" - like the all volunteer one being done by the Maryland Biodiversity Project. It should include insects and microbes, crucial parts of the bottom of the great food chain with cougars and wolves on the top; we are as dependent on the bottom rungs of the great pyramid, more even, than the "glamour creatures" at the top. But we have to know after more than two centuries the full "nature count."
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Here's the link to the article: https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/12/opinion/cougars-migrating-east.html