Speaker Johnson visits Columbia Univ., and speaks of mob rule on campus, and of Israeli Infants Baked Alive in Ovens. That Led Me to Ask: is there any genuine debate amidst the crude propaganda?
Speaker Johnson visits Columbia Univ., and speaks of mob rule on campus, and of Israeli Infants Baked Alive in Ovens. That Led Me to Ask: is there any genuine debate amidst the crude propaganda?
The Speaker is the same Representative who voted against two Impeachment measures against Trump, and is digging in the tapes of Jan. 6th to prove that the riots did not happen, just casual visits...
Bill - Don't rely on Mayer's interpretation of Garrison - read the original essay in The Liberator. Mayer has it wrong, Finkelstein has it right.
On all the Israeli Hasbara (lies), read Max Blumenthal, Aaron Mate and reporters at The Grayzone - they debunked the babies and rape atrocity propaganda months ago.
Professors Jeffrey Sachs and Mearsheimer need to be added to your readings in Ukraine.
The current war didn't start in 2014 with the US funded, organized, and instigated coup that removed the Russian leaning elected government (all legitimate Ukrainian democratic elements of the Maidan having been hijacked by NeoNazi groups). It began in Bucharest in 2008, with the pledge to incorporate Ukraine in NATO:
Mearsheimer had been added to my reading (and listening!) library before I began writing in depth about Putin's attempt to re-colonize Ukraine, bringing in some language from Snyder and some perspectives on "colonial-settler" dynamics vis a vis Israel and the Palestinians. I've stressed over and over that yes the US was meddling in Ukraine's blossoming civil war with the conflict driven by Ukrainian views of not wanting Russian tutoring, but heading West for the EU and NATO eventually. In light of what the West and the American left have either refused to l earn or grasp until recently, I think most of Central Europe, Eastern Europe, wanted to get as far away from Russia even after 1989-1991 as they could their sense of history and memory being superior to the average American who did not realize how low Russia plunged in the 1990's and how that would drive revisionist dreams in Putin's hands. If the day to day conduct of Russians inside Ukraine and Putin inside Russia towards any form of dissent (of course they're all tools of the West) or his tactics in Checynya haven't changed your mind about the war I don't think there is much I can do to change it at this point Bill, other than to say with an edge if you think Netanyahu in Gaza is bad, wait to see the fate of Ukrainians if they cannot win and win back Crimea and push Russian troops out of the East as well.
Here is what I think is the full version from the Fair-Use depository: I don't think it changes what Mayer wrote but it does give greater emphasis to celebrated historical revolts that did use violence. You can see pacifism puts Garrison in a difficult spot, but Mayer is right to indicate he did not switch to accepting violence to free the slaves, which would be the transformation that Frederick Douglas underwent late, by 1850.
The Insurrection
The Liberator, September 3, 1831. 143.
by William Lloyd Garrison
What we have so long predicted,—at the peril of being stigmatized as an alarmist and declaimer,—has commenced its fulfilment. The first step of the earthquake, which is ultimately to shake down the fabric of oppression, leaving not one stone upon another, has been made. the first drops of blood, which are but the prelude to a deluge from the gathering clouds, have fallen. The first flash of lightning, which is to smite and consume, has been felt. The first wailings of bereavement, which is to clothe the earth in sackcloth, have broken up our ears. (¶ 1)
In the first number of the Liberator, we alluded to the hour of vengeance in the following lines: (¶ 2)
Wo if it come with storm, and blood, and fire,
When midnight darkness veils the earth and sky!
Wo to the innocent babe—the guilty siare—
Mother and daughter—friends of kindred tie!
Stranger and citizen alike shall die!
Red-handed Slaughter his revenge shall feed,
And Havoc yell his ominous death-cry,
And wild Despair in vain for mercy plead—
While hell itself shall shrink and sicken at the deed! (¶ 3)
Read the account of the insurrection in Virginia, and say whether our prophecy be not fulfilled. What was poetry—imagination—in January, is now a bloody reality. Wo to the innocent babe—to mother and daughter! Is it not true? Turn again to the record of slaughter! Whole families have been cut off—not a mother, not a daughter, not a babe left. Dreadful retaliation! The dead bodies of white and black lying just as they were slain, unburied—the oppressor and the oppressed equal at last in death—what a spectacle! (¶ 4)
True, the rebellion is quelled. Those of the slaves who were not killed in combat, have been secured, and the prison is crowded with victims destined for the gallows! (¶ 5)
Yet laugh not in your carnival of crime
Too proudly, ye oppressors! (¶ 6)
You have seen, it is to be feared, but the beginning of sorrows. All the blood which has been shed will be required at your hands. At your hands alone? No—but at the hands of the people of New-England and of all the free states. The crime of oppression is national. The south is only the agent in this guilty traffic. But, remember! the same causes are at work which must inevitably produce the same effects; and when the contest shall have again begun, it must be again a war of extermination. In the present instance, no quarters have been asked or given. (¶ 7)
But we have killed and routed them now—we can do it again and again—we are invincible! A dastardly triumph, well becoming a nation of oppressors. Detestable complacency, that can think, without emotion, of the extermination of the blacks! We have the power to kill all—let us, therefore, continue to apply the whip and forge new fetters! (¶ 8)
In his fury against the revolters, who will remember their wrongs? What will it avail them, though the catalogue of their sufferings, dripping with warm blood fresh from their lacerated bodies, be held up to extenuate their conduct? It is enough that the victims were black—that circumstance makes them less precious than the dogs which have been slain in our streets! They were black—brutes, pretending to be men—legions of curses upon their memories! They were black—God made them to serve us! (¶ 9)
Ye patriotic hypocrites! ye panegyrists of Frenchmen, Greeks, and Poles! ye fustian declaimers for liberty! ye valiant sticklers for equal rights among yourselves! ye haters of aristocracy! ye assailants of monarchies! ye republican nullifiers! ye treasonable disunionists! be dumb! Cast no reproach upon the conduct of the slaves, but let your lips and cheeks wear the blisters of condemnation! (¶ 10)
Ye accuse the pacific friends of emancipation of instigating the slaves to revolt. Take back the charge as a foul slander. The slaves need no incentives at our hands. They will find them in their stripes—in their emaciated bodies—in their ceaseless toil—in their ignorant minds—in every field, in every valley, on every hill-top and mountain, wherever you and your fathers have fought for liberty—in your speeches, your conversations, your celebrations, your pamphlets, your newspapers—voices in the air, sounds from across the ocean, invitations to resistance above, below, around them! What more do they need? Surrounded by such influences, and smarting under their newly made wounds, is it wonderful that they should rise to contend—as other heroes have contended—for their lost rights? It is not wonderful. (¶ 11)
In all that we have written, is there aught to justify the excesses of the slaves? No. Nevertheless, they deserve no more censure than the Greeks in destroying the Turks, or the Poles in exterminating the Russians, or our fathers in slaughtering the British. Dreadful, indeed, is the standard erected by worldly patriotism! (¶ 12)
For ourselves, we are horror-struck at the late tidings. We have exerted our utmost efforts to avert the calamity. We have warned our countrymen of the danger of persisting in their unrighteous conduct. We have preached to the slaves the pacific precepts of Jesus Christ. We have appealed to christians, philanthropists, and patriots, for their assistance to accomplish the great work of national redemption through the agency of moral power—of public opinion—of individual duty. How have we been received? We have been threatened, proscribed, vilified, and imprisoned—a laughing-stock and a reproach. Do we falter, in view of these things? Let time answer. If we have been hitherto urgent, and bold, and denunciatory in our efforts,—hereafter we shall grow vehement and active with the increase of danger. We shall cry, in trumpet tones, night and day,—Wo to this guilty land, unless she speedily repent of her evil doings! The blood of millions of her sons cries aloud for redress! Immediate emancipation alone can save her from the vengeance of Heaven, and cancel the debt of ages! (¶ 13)
Public Domain Dedication The Insurrection was written by William Lloyd Garrison, and appeared in The Liberator on September 3, 1831. It is now available in the Public Domain.
Bill, this is the best I can find for the issue of the Liberator which first addressed Nat Turner's slave revolt...I've copied it directly from the Digital Library. Readers can draw their own conclusion, and all I can say is that Garrison was at that time, as Mayer clearly stresses, a Pacifist, Quaker even to the point of not justifying violence to fight for a man's Liberty - which puts him in a tough position in the Ante-Bellum years of 1831-1860, of course, and of course, on John Brown's raid as well.
I don't see what Mayer said to be at odds with this Sept. 3, 1831 edition's text, nor with what Finkelstein said:
The Liberator Comments on Nat Turner's Insurrection
Digital History ID 358
Author: Weld
Date:1831
Annotation:
On January 1, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator, a militant abolitionist newspaper that was one of the country's first publications to demand an immediate end to slavery. On the front page of the first issue, he defiantly declared: "I will not equivocate--I will not excuse--I will not retreat a single inch--AND I WILL BE HEARD." Incensed by Garrison's proclamation, the state of Georgia offered a $5000 reward to anyone who brought him to that state for trial.
"Document:
The Insurrection
What we have long predicted,--at the peril of being stigmatized as an alarmist and declaimer,--has commenced its fulfillment. The first step of the earthquake, which is ultimately to shake down the fabric of oppression, leaving not one stone upon the other, has been made. The first drops of blood, which are but the prelude to a deluge from the gathering clouds, have fallen....
Read the account of the insurrection in Virginia, and say whether our prophecy be not fulfilled....
True, the rebellion is quelled. Those of the slaves who were not killed in combat have been secured, and the prison is crowded with victims destined for the gallows!... You have seen, it is to be feared, but the beginning of sorrows. All the blood which has been shed will be acquired at your hands. At your hands alone? No--but at the hands of the people of New-England and of all the free states. The crime of oppression is national. The South is only the agent in this guilty traffic. But, remember! the same causes are at work which must inevitably produce the same effects; and when the contest shall have again begun, it must be a war of extermination....
Ye accuse the pacific friends of emancipation of instigating the slaves to revolt.... The slaves need no incentive at our hands. They will find in their stripes--in their emaciated bodies--in their ceaseless toil--in their ignorant minds...in your speeches and conversations, your celebrations, your pamphlets, your newspapers--voices in the air, sounds from across the ocean, invitations to resistance above, below, around them! What more do they need....
For ourselves, we are horror-struck at the late tidings. We have exerted our utmost efforts to avert the calamity. We have warned our countrymen of the danger of persisting in their unrighteous conduct. We have preached to the slaves the pacific precepts of Jesus Christ. We have appealed to christians, philanthropists and patriots, for their assistance to accomplish the great work of national redemption through the agency of moral power--of public opinion--of individual duty. How have we been received? We have been threatened, proscribed, vilified and imprisoned.... If we have been hitherto urgent, and bold, and denunciatory in our efforts--hereafter we shall grow vehement and active with the increase of danger. We shall cry, in trumpet tones, night and day,--Wo to this guilty land, unless she speedily repents of her evil doings! The blood of millions of her sons cries aloud for redress! IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION can alone save her from the vengeance of Heaven, and cancel the debt of ages!"
Additional information: The Liberator, September 3, 1831
Bill - I was reacting to this quote from Mayer, which I read as undermining Garrison's text, which I read a supporting "the right of people to fight for liberty" (not the actual violence, but the right to revolt). Did I get that wrong?
‘I deny the right of any people to fight for liberty, and so far am a Quaker in principle,’ Garrison told a friend privately.
Well, Garrison left it pretty contradictory, didn't he, now that I have the full text, but we also have his private thoughts on the matter. The quote is pretty clear, and unambiguous from Mayer's book: he did not believe in violence to attain even the liberty that was such a cause celeb in the West with ourselves, the French, and the Greeks...I think that Garrison's "contradictions" - because the Sept 1 1831 writing seems to lean towards celebrating the fights for liberty - if not the methods - it does shine a light on today's stance's with Hamas, and I just wrote a comment in the NY Times about the student protests at Columbia which said that in the West most people will never condone the method's of Hamas or their current stance on Israel's right to existist, but like so many other instances in Western and colonial history, it unfolds, whether we condone or condemn the atrocities and horrors, it unfolds according to the weight of the past injustices...just visit and I'll supply the link here on "Massacres" in four centures of Indigenous vs Settlers in N.America and Mexico, Spain's early colonial empire...its slaughter, captives, mutiliation on both sides for more than 400 hundred years right up until the late 19th century in the American West. Here's the l ink and its an eye opener how long and how often: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_massacres_in_North_America
Bill - Don't rely on Mayer's interpretation of Garrison - read the original essay in The Liberator. Mayer has it wrong, Finkelstein has it right.
On all the Israeli Hasbara (lies), read Max Blumenthal, Aaron Mate and reporters at The Grayzone - they debunked the babies and rape atrocity propaganda months ago.
Professors Jeffrey Sachs and Mearsheimer need to be added to your readings in Ukraine.
The current war didn't start in 2014 with the US funded, organized, and instigated coup that removed the Russian leaning elected government (all legitimate Ukrainian democratic elements of the Maidan having been hijacked by NeoNazi groups). It began in Bucharest in 2008, with the pledge to incorporate Ukraine in NATO:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine–NATO_relations#:~:text=Bucharest%20summit%3A%202008–2009,-Main%20article%3A%202008&text=At%20the%20NATO%20summit%20in,Ukraine%20would%20eventually%20become%20members.
You could say it began long before then, when the Clinton Administration made the commitment to expand NATO eastward, including Ukraine.
Mearsheimer had been added to my reading (and listening!) library before I began writing in depth about Putin's attempt to re-colonize Ukraine, bringing in some language from Snyder and some perspectives on "colonial-settler" dynamics vis a vis Israel and the Palestinians. I've stressed over and over that yes the US was meddling in Ukraine's blossoming civil war with the conflict driven by Ukrainian views of not wanting Russian tutoring, but heading West for the EU and NATO eventually. In light of what the West and the American left have either refused to l earn or grasp until recently, I think most of Central Europe, Eastern Europe, wanted to get as far away from Russia even after 1989-1991 as they could their sense of history and memory being superior to the average American who did not realize how low Russia plunged in the 1990's and how that would drive revisionist dreams in Putin's hands. If the day to day conduct of Russians inside Ukraine and Putin inside Russia towards any form of dissent (of course they're all tools of the West) or his tactics in Checynya haven't changed your mind about the war I don't think there is much I can do to change it at this point Bill, other than to say with an edge if you think Netanyahu in Gaza is bad, wait to see the fate of Ukrainians if they cannot win and win back Crimea and push Russian troops out of the East as well.
Bill - Crimea is ethnically and politically pro-Russian. If there is any civilian violence, it will be on the fascist right militia holdouts.
Here is what I think is the full version from the Fair-Use depository: I don't think it changes what Mayer wrote but it does give greater emphasis to celebrated historical revolts that did use violence. You can see pacifism puts Garrison in a difficult spot, but Mayer is right to indicate he did not switch to accepting violence to free the slaves, which would be the transformation that Frederick Douglas underwent late, by 1850.
The Insurrection
The Liberator, September 3, 1831. 143.
by William Lloyd Garrison
What we have so long predicted,—at the peril of being stigmatized as an alarmist and declaimer,—has commenced its fulfilment. The first step of the earthquake, which is ultimately to shake down the fabric of oppression, leaving not one stone upon another, has been made. the first drops of blood, which are but the prelude to a deluge from the gathering clouds, have fallen. The first flash of lightning, which is to smite and consume, has been felt. The first wailings of bereavement, which is to clothe the earth in sackcloth, have broken up our ears. (¶ 1)
In the first number of the Liberator, we alluded to the hour of vengeance in the following lines: (¶ 2)
Wo if it come with storm, and blood, and fire,
When midnight darkness veils the earth and sky!
Wo to the innocent babe—the guilty siare—
Mother and daughter—friends of kindred tie!
Stranger and citizen alike shall die!
Red-handed Slaughter his revenge shall feed,
And Havoc yell his ominous death-cry,
And wild Despair in vain for mercy plead—
While hell itself shall shrink and sicken at the deed! (¶ 3)
Read the account of the insurrection in Virginia, and say whether our prophecy be not fulfilled. What was poetry—imagination—in January, is now a bloody reality. Wo to the innocent babe—to mother and daughter! Is it not true? Turn again to the record of slaughter! Whole families have been cut off—not a mother, not a daughter, not a babe left. Dreadful retaliation! The dead bodies of white and black lying just as they were slain, unburied—the oppressor and the oppressed equal at last in death—what a spectacle! (¶ 4)
True, the rebellion is quelled. Those of the slaves who were not killed in combat, have been secured, and the prison is crowded with victims destined for the gallows! (¶ 5)
Yet laugh not in your carnival of crime
Too proudly, ye oppressors! (¶ 6)
You have seen, it is to be feared, but the beginning of sorrows. All the blood which has been shed will be required at your hands. At your hands alone? No—but at the hands of the people of New-England and of all the free states. The crime of oppression is national. The south is only the agent in this guilty traffic. But, remember! the same causes are at work which must inevitably produce the same effects; and when the contest shall have again begun, it must be again a war of extermination. In the present instance, no quarters have been asked or given. (¶ 7)
But we have killed and routed them now—we can do it again and again—we are invincible! A dastardly triumph, well becoming a nation of oppressors. Detestable complacency, that can think, without emotion, of the extermination of the blacks! We have the power to kill all—let us, therefore, continue to apply the whip and forge new fetters! (¶ 8)
In his fury against the revolters, who will remember their wrongs? What will it avail them, though the catalogue of their sufferings, dripping with warm blood fresh from their lacerated bodies, be held up to extenuate their conduct? It is enough that the victims were black—that circumstance makes them less precious than the dogs which have been slain in our streets! They were black—brutes, pretending to be men—legions of curses upon their memories! They were black—God made them to serve us! (¶ 9)
Ye patriotic hypocrites! ye panegyrists of Frenchmen, Greeks, and Poles! ye fustian declaimers for liberty! ye valiant sticklers for equal rights among yourselves! ye haters of aristocracy! ye assailants of monarchies! ye republican nullifiers! ye treasonable disunionists! be dumb! Cast no reproach upon the conduct of the slaves, but let your lips and cheeks wear the blisters of condemnation! (¶ 10)
Ye accuse the pacific friends of emancipation of instigating the slaves to revolt. Take back the charge as a foul slander. The slaves need no incentives at our hands. They will find them in their stripes—in their emaciated bodies—in their ceaseless toil—in their ignorant minds—in every field, in every valley, on every hill-top and mountain, wherever you and your fathers have fought for liberty—in your speeches, your conversations, your celebrations, your pamphlets, your newspapers—voices in the air, sounds from across the ocean, invitations to resistance above, below, around them! What more do they need? Surrounded by such influences, and smarting under their newly made wounds, is it wonderful that they should rise to contend—as other heroes have contended—for their lost rights? It is not wonderful. (¶ 11)
In all that we have written, is there aught to justify the excesses of the slaves? No. Nevertheless, they deserve no more censure than the Greeks in destroying the Turks, or the Poles in exterminating the Russians, or our fathers in slaughtering the British. Dreadful, indeed, is the standard erected by worldly patriotism! (¶ 12)
For ourselves, we are horror-struck at the late tidings. We have exerted our utmost efforts to avert the calamity. We have warned our countrymen of the danger of persisting in their unrighteous conduct. We have preached to the slaves the pacific precepts of Jesus Christ. We have appealed to christians, philanthropists, and patriots, for their assistance to accomplish the great work of national redemption through the agency of moral power—of public opinion—of individual duty. How have we been received? We have been threatened, proscribed, vilified, and imprisoned—a laughing-stock and a reproach. Do we falter, in view of these things? Let time answer. If we have been hitherto urgent, and bold, and denunciatory in our efforts,—hereafter we shall grow vehement and active with the increase of danger. We shall cry, in trumpet tones, night and day,—Wo to this guilty land, unless she speedily repent of her evil doings! The blood of millions of her sons cries aloud for redress! Immediate emancipation alone can save her from the vengeance of Heaven, and cancel the debt of ages! (¶ 13)
Public Domain Dedication The Insurrection was written by William Lloyd Garrison, and appeared in The Liberator on September 3, 1831. It is now available in the Public Domain.
Fair Use Repository
Bill, this is the best I can find for the issue of the Liberator which first addressed Nat Turner's slave revolt...I've copied it directly from the Digital Library. Readers can draw their own conclusion, and all I can say is that Garrison was at that time, as Mayer clearly stresses, a Pacifist, Quaker even to the point of not justifying violence to fight for a man's Liberty - which puts him in a tough position in the Ante-Bellum years of 1831-1860, of course, and of course, on John Brown's raid as well.
I don't see what Mayer said to be at odds with this Sept. 3, 1831 edition's text, nor with what Finkelstein said:
The Liberator Comments on Nat Turner's Insurrection
Digital History ID 358
Author: Weld
Date:1831
Annotation:
On January 1, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator, a militant abolitionist newspaper that was one of the country's first publications to demand an immediate end to slavery. On the front page of the first issue, he defiantly declared: "I will not equivocate--I will not excuse--I will not retreat a single inch--AND I WILL BE HEARD." Incensed by Garrison's proclamation, the state of Georgia offered a $5000 reward to anyone who brought him to that state for trial.
"Document:
The Insurrection
What we have long predicted,--at the peril of being stigmatized as an alarmist and declaimer,--has commenced its fulfillment. The first step of the earthquake, which is ultimately to shake down the fabric of oppression, leaving not one stone upon the other, has been made. The first drops of blood, which are but the prelude to a deluge from the gathering clouds, have fallen....
Read the account of the insurrection in Virginia, and say whether our prophecy be not fulfilled....
True, the rebellion is quelled. Those of the slaves who were not killed in combat have been secured, and the prison is crowded with victims destined for the gallows!... You have seen, it is to be feared, but the beginning of sorrows. All the blood which has been shed will be acquired at your hands. At your hands alone? No--but at the hands of the people of New-England and of all the free states. The crime of oppression is national. The South is only the agent in this guilty traffic. But, remember! the same causes are at work which must inevitably produce the same effects; and when the contest shall have again begun, it must be a war of extermination....
Ye accuse the pacific friends of emancipation of instigating the slaves to revolt.... The slaves need no incentive at our hands. They will find in their stripes--in their emaciated bodies--in their ceaseless toil--in their ignorant minds...in your speeches and conversations, your celebrations, your pamphlets, your newspapers--voices in the air, sounds from across the ocean, invitations to resistance above, below, around them! What more do they need....
For ourselves, we are horror-struck at the late tidings. We have exerted our utmost efforts to avert the calamity. We have warned our countrymen of the danger of persisting in their unrighteous conduct. We have preached to the slaves the pacific precepts of Jesus Christ. We have appealed to christians, philanthropists and patriots, for their assistance to accomplish the great work of national redemption through the agency of moral power--of public opinion--of individual duty. How have we been received? We have been threatened, proscribed, vilified and imprisoned.... If we have been hitherto urgent, and bold, and denunciatory in our efforts--hereafter we shall grow vehement and active with the increase of danger. We shall cry, in trumpet tones, night and day,--Wo to this guilty land, unless she speedily repents of her evil doings! The blood of millions of her sons cries aloud for redress! IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION can alone save her from the vengeance of Heaven, and cancel the debt of ages!"
Additional information: The Liberator, September 3, 1831
Copyright 2021 Digital History
Bill - I was reacting to this quote from Mayer, which I read as undermining Garrison's text, which I read a supporting "the right of people to fight for liberty" (not the actual violence, but the right to revolt). Did I get that wrong?
‘I deny the right of any people to fight for liberty, and so far am a Quaker in principle,’ Garrison told a friend privately.
Well, Garrison left it pretty contradictory, didn't he, now that I have the full text, but we also have his private thoughts on the matter. The quote is pretty clear, and unambiguous from Mayer's book: he did not believe in violence to attain even the liberty that was such a cause celeb in the West with ourselves, the French, and the Greeks...I think that Garrison's "contradictions" - because the Sept 1 1831 writing seems to lean towards celebrating the fights for liberty - if not the methods - it does shine a light on today's stance's with Hamas, and I just wrote a comment in the NY Times about the student protests at Columbia which said that in the West most people will never condone the method's of Hamas or their current stance on Israel's right to existist, but like so many other instances in Western and colonial history, it unfolds, whether we condone or condemn the atrocities and horrors, it unfolds according to the weight of the past injustices...just visit and I'll supply the link here on "Massacres" in four centures of Indigenous vs Settlers in N.America and Mexico, Spain's early colonial empire...its slaughter, captives, mutiliation on both sides for more than 400 hundred years right up until the late 19th century in the American West. Here's the l ink and its an eye opener how long and how often: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_massacres_in_North_America
Bill - amazing coincidence: yesterday I watched the excellent PBS documentary on Kent State:
"The Day The Sixties Died"
https://whyy.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/35840006-71b6-4d45-a728-e7d6a924453b/the-day-the-60s-died/